1 Negation:
Negation,
as maintained by the likes of Merriam Webster refers to
“the
action or logical operation of negating or making negative”.
In
simpler terms, negation defines the polar opposition of
affirmative, denies the existence or vaguely – a refutation. This is also known
as “Not”. Classical logic resembles negation with truth function which takes
truth to falsity and is perfectly capable of running the opposite operation. It
denies the truth of a sentence. It’s just the conversion of the
affirmative sentence which converts the simple affirmative sentence into
negative.
Example
o
I like to sing = I do not like to sing.
By
changing the auxiliary verb of the sentence into negative, we
can apply Negation in a sentence.
1.1.1
1. Negation in tense
|
1. |
Present Indefinite Tense |
Do = do not/ don’t, does = does not/doesn’t. |
|
2. |
Present Continuous Tense |
Am = am not, is = is not/isn’t, are = are not, aren’t. |
|
3. |
Present Perfect Tense |
Have = have not/haven’t, has = has not/hasn’t |
|
4. |
Present Perfect Continuous
tense |
Has been = has not been, have been = have not been |
|
5. |
Past Indefinite tense |
Did = did not/didn’t |
|
6. |
Past Continuous tense |
Was = was not/wasn’t, were = were not/ weren’t |
|
7. |
Past Perfect Tense |
Had = had not/hadn’t |
|
8. |
Past Perfect Continuous Tense |
Had been = had not been/hadn’t been |
|
9. |
Future Indefinite Tense |
Shall = shall not, will = will not/won’t |
|
10. |
Future Continuous tense |
Shall be = shall not be, will be = will not/won’t |
|
11. |
Future Perfect Tense |
Shall have = shall not have, will have = will not
have/won’t have |
|
12. |
Future Perfect Continuous
Tense |
Shall have been = shall not have been, will
have been = will not have been/won’t have been |
Examples:
o
He drives the car = He does not drive the car
1.1.1.1
Alex ate rice = Alex did not eat rice
1.1.1.2
2. Negation in Modal-auxiliary
|
Modal |
Modal in negative |
Modal |
Modal in negative |
|
Can |
Can not/ can’t |
Shall |
Shall not |
|
Could |
Could not/ couldn’t |
Should |
Should not/shouldn’t |
|
May |
May not |
Will |
Will not/won’t |
|
Might |
Might not/mightn’t |
would |
Would not/wouldn’t |
|
Must |
Must not/mustn’t |
Ought to |
Ought not to |
|
Need |
Need not/needn’t |
|
|
Examples:
o
Edward can swim= Edward cannot swim
o
We must go there= We must not go there
1.1.1.3
3. Negation in Words
Some words such as
ever, anybody, anyone, anything, anywhere, instead
of never, nobody, no one, nothing, nowhere, etc. represent
the Negation.
Examples:
o
I do not think he can ever reach within time.
More Examples
Examples of Negation Adding
Suffixes
Examples of Negation Using
Negative Adjectives & Adverbs
Examples of Negation Using
Negative Words
1.1.1.4
Double Negative
Double negative on
the other hand, simply defines the existence of two forms of negation in the
same sentence. Please, notice that a double negative can often result in an
affirmation in the English language (e.g., He hardly stops for small-talks).
The rhetorical term for such a phenomenon is ‘litotes’.
Example:
o
I can not find him nowhere.
1.1.1.5
Uses of Double Negative
Double
Negative can be used in two ways. They are:
1. Using negative words
such as
never, nobody, anyone, nothing, nowhere, etc
Example:
o
He cannot go nowhere without informing me
2. Using prefix
Such as
ir, un, non, pre, anti, il, im, etc.
Example:
o
John is not uncontrollable by his family member though he
is a special chi